Religious Believers Understand More Essay Example for Free

Religious Believers Understand More EssayTo discuss this story first we must look at the definition of accord. Religious believers and scientists would belike differ in their definitions and therefore disagree from the beginning. A religious person would maybe say that understanding the world means knowing how to be a good person, how to live a good life and fulfill Gods plan. A scientist would probably disagree, saying that understanding the world is having a wide knowledge and good comprehension of how the world works including theories like evolution and understanding why and how things occur. other slight problem with this statement is its implication that one cannot be a religious believer and a scientist when in fact there atomic number 18 many a(prenominal) religious scientists who seem to shake science and religion existing harmoniously in their lives. If we are defining understanding as understanding how to live a good life, then I believe that the Bible and Rel igious Believers do understand more about the world than Scientists do.Religious Believers have a fall apart understanding of how the universe and mans place in it was set up, but its hard for people to understand correctly because its not in scientific terms, its in myths and metaphors. You lean see it with our available scientific instruments, its something you experience. Religious Believers have direct guidance from their Holy texts, e.g. for the Jewish faith, the Torah on how to live their life. They are taught, by the Ten Commandments, that they are not to steal, not to commit adultery and not to murder.One criticism of scientists is that a number of assumption are made to give parameters to an experiment. Also percept can be fallible, as we expect to see things, so we see them. We dont expect to see them, so we miss them out. In reply to this, in the parable the invisible gardener where the religious believer trusts that the gardener came but couldnt be seen and the other (scientist) believing that there couldnt be a gardener because there was no empirical evidence of this. This shows that even though there was no evidence of the gardener or God they fluent hold a belief, whereas the scientist had to be proven. Some claim that believers only want hope.Religious Believers hope for the return of their invisible gardener, while New Atheists (Richard Dawkins and his followers) have no expectations of a new life after death, thereforelive their lives without fear of an almighty God smiting them down. In this situation, one could argue that the Religious Believer is playing it safe, still they still understand the world better, in many cases they see it as an almighty beings creation.In conclusion, I believe that, although Scientists have evidence of the age of the earth, and that they have proven many facts of the Earth, They do not have as good guidance as Religious Believers do on understanding life.

Ethics on Surrogate Mothers Essay Example for Free

Ethics on substitution Mothers EssaySometimes couples who cannot conceive a baby by themselves choose to use a surrogate mother, where another woman carries their child. One way of surrogacy is when a woman whos unable to expatriate a baby to term, but is otherwise fertile, has her embryos transplanted to the surrogate mother. The bombard might be fertilized by the biological father or by artificial insemination if the male has fertility issues. In other cases, a surrogate mother is in fact the biological mother of the child as her very own eggs are used to create the embryo. In certain states, such as Arkansas and Delaware, surrogacy is illegal.Even in states where surrogacy is allowed, it can be quite a change process for the non-biological mother to be named as the parent, particularly in cases when the surrogate is the biological mother. The surrogate must home away her maternal rights so the mean mother can adopt the child. If the sperm of the adoptive mothers husb and was used to fertilize the egg, the biological father is named on the childs birth certificate.Many states require a legal get down be drafted between the couple and the surrogate and her spouse or partner detailing all arrangements concerning the pregnancy and birth. The parties involved with a surrogacy contract should chew the fatk the advice of legal counsel to be sure that pertinent issues are addressed and that the contract is in compliance with state and local laws involving surrogacy and adoption. Sometimes a surrogate mother changes her mind and refuses to give up her child. nevertheless, in states where surrogacy is allowed, the biological mother usually doesnt win custody or visitation rights. Typically, the surrogate and the parents sign an engagement to avoid this from happening. Nonetheless, in that locations always the possibility that the surrogate mother might win her case. Many surrogacy agreements state what the surrogate can and cannot do while pregnant. But ultimately, the parents should trust the surrogate mom to do whats in the best interests of the baby.Issues may develop whenever a surrogate breaches the agreement by smoking, abusing drugs or consuming alcohol while pregnant. As with any pregnancy theres always the possibility for medical or obstetrical troubles, which may hurt the baby or the surrogate mother. For starters, theres the chance of transmission of contagious disease to the surrogate when another womans eggs are transplanted into the surrogate. Because of this, both biological parents should be prescreened. In case a surrogate develops problems in the beginning that put her life at an increased risk, she may want to end the pregnancy. Another issue that may arise is if wellness practitioners discover learn that the fetus has possible birth defects and other health concerns. In that situation, the parents may choose they cannot continue with the surrogacy.This generates all sorts of legal issues, especially when the sperm is from a donor or eggs other than the surrogates were used for pregnancy. The problem then becomes who gets to determine whether to proceed with the pregnancy. Even though some people see surrogacy as baby-selling and look down on a female who is a surrogate, in recent years surrogacy has become more of a recognized practice. except the ethical issue remains concerning whether a female whos being paid for her surrogacy is exploiting infertile couples and entering the agreement for money. Others begin to see the infertile couple as exploiting the surrogates body and taking advantage of a female who needs money.Another issue, a couple that would adopt a child would be rigorously screened and be assessed to their suitability. This would not be the case with surrogacy. Some people who would be restricted from adopting could avoid this process by using a surrogate. One of the key issues is with regards to surrogacy is it is unworkable to determine the risks involved in the surr ogacy process. A surrogate needs to be informed of the potential risks to her health and the possible psychological trauma she can suffer. in that respect should a moral requirement for all parties involved to consider the welfare of the child born into any agreement. However, surrogacy raises the debate of peoples right to incur children. If we refuse the option of surrogacy, are we discriminating against the infertile?The first recorded case of surrogacy in the United States was in 1976. Noel Keane, a lawyer, arranged the first surrogacy agreement between a surrogate mother and the intended parents. This mother was not compensated financially. Afterwards, Keane went on to create the Infertility Center, which arranged hundreds of surrogacy agreements every year . However despite the numerous ethical issues at stake, statistics show that there has been an increase in the numbers of women who become surrogates. From 2004-2008 the number of infants born to gestational surrogates had doubled. The Society for aided Reproductive Technology reported from 738 infants born to over 1,400 from surrogate births. However, the amount of surrogacies annually is likely to be more, as many fertility centers dont report to SART. Additionally, there are coupleswho enter private agreements with a surrogate where agencies arent involved.ReferencesPacific Connection Fertility Services Surrogacy Yale New Haven Teachers Institute Ethical Problems Surrounding Surrogate MotherhoodDr Rebecca Gibbs, North East Essex PCT, Surrogacy, January 2008. http//www.northeastessexpct.nhs.uk/public_29_01_2008/surrogacy-policy.pdf

A multimedia Analysis of ‘A Doll’s House’ Essay Example for Free

A multimedia Analysis of A Dolls House EssayIn Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House, the1973 picture show version by Joseph Losey better depicts a much compelling story than the written version, specifically with the character of Christine Linde. The play A Dolls House takes place in the late 1800s in Norway, where men beted more superior than women. men usually take up the role of the sole breadwinner and take care of the household. Christine is a friend of Nora, was once engaged to Krogstad who was convicted of fraud. Christine was forced into marrying another person because of her responsibilities towards her family. She became a very independent woman who licked very hard in her life. But now she came to Nora looking for a purpose to live for. She sees how happy Nora is with her husband and children. She wants to work for someone else rather than just herself. However, Krogstad was working at Noras husband bank and Torvald is to be the now Bank Manager, is strongly contemplating on firing him because of his previous(prenominal) and his reputation that he has within the community. What makes the movie version a more compelling than the written one is that, the movie uses a new script to which gave more effectiveness in the images whiles creating a good path towards character development, another reason is that the order in which the three acts were played out were significantly antithetical in the movie which helped in the audience to have a better understanding of each characters background.In the written version, Christine is shown as a friend to Nora, however, in the movie with its first scene, shows how more deeply and close the relationship with Christine and Nora is. As in the written version, Nora is unable to remember her friend pull down though Christine is in front of her, Nora- (doubtfully). How do you doMrs. Linde You dont recognize me, I suppose. Nora No, I dont knowyes, to be sure, I seem to(Suddenly.) Yes Christine Is it really you? (Ib sen Act I). This scene took place in Helmers house according to the written version while the opening scene of the movie shows Christine and Nora chatting in a small diner, their conversation shows how close they are as friends. As Nora says to Christine, We essential write to each otherevery weekyou must come to visit us whenever you wish (Losey A Dolls House 1973). This drastically contrasts the written version, and while the movie scripts are not 100% in contrast with the written version, it does give a better understanding of the relationship between Christine and Nora.In the written version, Christine is shown as a woman that has gone through a lot, having experiences with life and its hardship, but somehow the notion that she feels she is more knowledgeable, smart, and even sometimes, discourteous attribute of friend, is embedded within the story. As in the scene, where Nora talks about Dr. browse with Christine, Christines response is completely left out in the movie ver sion in order to have the characters relationship with Nora to seem questionable. Mrs. Linde Listen to me, Nora. You are still very like a child in many ways, and I am older than you in many ways and have a little more experience. Let me tell you thisyou ought to make an end of it with Doctor Rank. Nora What ought I to make an end of? Mrs. Linde Of two things, I think. yesterday you talked some nonsense about a rich admirer who was to leave you moneyNora An admirer who doesnt exist, unfortunately But what then? (Ibsen Act II). That scene went on with Nora having no understanding of what Christine is implying or accusing her of but Christines response is, Dont prevaricate, Nora. Do you suppose I dont guess who lent you the two hundred and fifty pounds (Ibsen Act II). The whole use of the word prevaricate highlights the difference between the two versions, whereas, in the movie, Christines response was Nora, dont you think I know that Dr. Rank loan you the money? (Losey A Dolls House 1973) with Noras response, Are you mad? I wouldnt have dreamed of such a thing. The movie scene stays in line with each character and their development. The use of Christine in the story is to serve as a direct comparison to Noras character, the movie supports this notion. So that Christine does not seem to be patronizing Nora and creating a type of conflict between the two characters since their decision at the end of the story are very different which makes their choice more effectively.

Henry Fords Leadership Style and Culture

henry elevator carrefours Leadership Style and Culture hydrogen Ford is a well-known figure. An inventor, Successful Entrepreneur and he is a philanthropist and no-hit American caremen who was the founder of Ford Motor Company. Henry Ford was born in 30th July 1863 on a farm Greenfield Township nautical mile in United State and Ford family were immigrant from Ireland.He mixed-up his mother in 1876 when he was thirteen and he had no interest in pickings over his family farm and he moved to city of Detroit. He used to work as an apprentice at the f lower-rankingers machine shop. In 1896 he was successfully built his first automobile, called quadricyle.Henry Ford started his own Ford Motor Company in 16th June 1903 with $100,000 of capital stock moreover only $ 28,000 paid in cash. After introducing model T in 01st of October in 1908 his wisdom able to change the millions of lives in that period.Making of Model T is a unitary of main milestone in the personal transportation. M odel T is a car very easy to operate and easy to handle on the uncouth roads and its automatically became as a huge success in car making industry. In 1918 half of all the American cars were the Ts and because of that Ford had to build-up other large factory in Michigan in 1910.Henry started accurate manufacturing, standardizing and interchanging start ups in 1913 and he moved to convocation filiation system as well. It was a one of outstandingest revolution of the automobile industry because it reduced the assembly time per vehicle and it done very smoothly and efficiently with fairness hail. Henry Fords production of T model do the largest automobile manufacturer in the world.Henry ford is the inventor of the modern day assembly line method acting of production for his model T cars and hold more than 100 patent for his inventions. He is a leader who had capacious qualities which proven by his popularity and structure affordable cars.Individual consideration / appreciate workersHe was a person who appreciated his workers by paying them a huge wages for all of his assembly line workers. Because of that he grab all the talented workers in the region to work in ford. Not only by paying high salaries scarce also by giving some credits to their work and by making an environment where they happy to work and feel that they atomic number 18 a part of an brass instrument.Believing yourselfHe believed himself and taught others to believe their self and constantly push them to go beyond their limits and imagination which could make impossible, a possible.Born to workHe know that work takes an essential part of our lives. As a human being we need to work, in secernate to reach your goals, to accomplish your dreams, to change impossible to possible. realize represent a huge part of our lives.Cost cuttingHe implement this method to produce more automobiles which everybody can afford. Reduce the production cost by eliminating expensive options such as luxu ry look, design, choice of colour and producing automobiles using an assembly line method.CredibilityHe had all the knowledge closely automobiles. His vision is not only invent just a machine but invent it in larger quantities and it should be able to afford for everyone. sharp stimulationHis way of thinking by introducing the moving assembly line, minimum stock level and minimising wastage.Decision makingHe was a long termination maker. Made the right thing at the right time. When other manufactures thinking about luxury cars he thought about the affordable cars which is more certain in economical market.Risk takingHenry Ford is a risk taker because after he became as an unshakable giant in the self-propelling industry he decided to join to aviation trade and he started manufacturing since 1925 and he built few aircrafts for the US army and passenger transportation but he had to shut it down in 1933 because of poor sales and 1929 economic recession. That is a one of his financ ial and reputation riskMOTIVATIONHe is always interested in mechanics. He had a born talent for mechanism and his passion for the machines and most importantly he became as engineer with Edison illuminating familiarity in 1891. Those are the reason to inspire him and dedicate his for the industry.After he established Ford Company he had to compete with the other automotive companies which made him more innovative, self-believing and reputed. Those motivations led him to the success in automobile industry.Individual consideration which pith paying high wages, appreciation toward their workers and hardworking (there was a time atomic number 1 could have retired even though he stayed and work for the company) inspired his team.ANALYSISHENRY FORD COMPARATIVE WITH OTHER ENTREPRENEURSHenry Ford was a great Entrepreneur and same as Richard Branson funder of Virgin group regulaten by many of as also a good Entrepreneur and he stared over two hundred companies and many of his companies have been succeed but few have still failed but when he comparing with quality of risk taking he is a unbeatable risk taker in every part because he had good gut feeling and he start everything as an apprentice and driven it to the target. pen nib gate is another great entrepreneur, contributes to the technical progress in the world like Henry Ford in Automobile industry. He had a great determinations and perseveration to develop the industry and he developed the computer systems and his quality of hard working he driven to his targets. Bill gates and Henry Ford both are having same entrepreneur qualities but within little time period Bill gate able change the IT industry, because he has tons of sources and he is an expert in his field but it is different in Henry Fords time and its cannot be compare to the time who Bill gates quick in.William C Durant also a great entrepreneur who started his career as a sales man, later he found the general motor company. He established many a utomobile companies, most of them are join ventures and blooming, yet few was fallen as a result of Durants poor decision making. If we compare the Durants decision making quality to ford, Durant made the decisions by looking at its present economy and short term success. His poor decision led him to lost the control of GM. General Motors built on their vision and took over to first place in market share by adding variety. But, it was Henry Ford who power saw a future much different and much better than his current day. (The title of Fords popular 1926 book, Today and Tomorrow, reflects this).Ford is an innovator, he invented assembly line method to the automobile production though Durant didnt invent any to the industry.Risk taking is another great quality of ford. Not being framed to the automobile production, he took his production to the aviation industry, instead. He built few aircraft to the US Army and passenger transportation. It wasnt successful shut down the company becau se of poor sales and recession. Durant wasnt a risk taker, he never tried a new industry he just stick to the automobiles.By comparing Henry Fords qualities with William C Durant, Henry ford was great entrepreneur who had all the qualities, such as innovation, rick taking, decision making, to be a great leader to lead his team and physical composition to the success.HOFSTEDES 5 CULTURAL DIMENSIONSFive dimensions of cultureArmed with a large database of cultural statistics, Hofstede analysed the results and found clear patterns of similarity and difference amid the responses along these five dimensions. Interestingly, his inquiry was done on employees of IBM only, which allowed him to attribute the patterns to national differences in culture, largely eliminating the problem of differences in company culture.Power/Distance (PD)This refers to the degree of inequality that exists and is accepted among mess with and without power. A high PD strike off indicates that society accepts an unequal distribution of power and people understand their place in the system. base PD means that power is shared and well dispersed. It also means that society members view themselves as equals.According to the above explanation henry Fords strategy is categories under the low power/distance (PD). The characteristics of an organization to identify whether a high PD or low PD is are,It should be a flat (horizontal) organization which means, an organization with less or no levels of intervening management between its staff and management.Equalise, the way they manage to the managers or the supervisors are same as the way treat to the employeesFord motor company is an organization with a less management between its staff which relief employees from extra pressure and they are able to see the result of what they have really done, what is the outcome of his action. There are more possibilities to try their new ideas and management can identify the creativity and it can be used fo r companys success. Employees are loyal to the company. Henry treated everyone in a same manner by appreciating their work not considering who he is, what position he/she hold.Individualism (IDV)This refers to the strength of the ties people have to others within the community. A high IDV score indicates a loose connection with people. In countries with a high IDV score there is a lack of interpersonal connection and little sharing of responsibility, beyond family and perhaps a few close friends. A society with a low IDV score would have strong group cohesion, and there would be a large amount of loyalty and respect for members of the group. The group itself is also larger and people take more responsibility for each others wellbeing.Masculinity (MAS)This refers to how much a society sticks with, and determine, traditional male and female roles. High MAS scores are found in countries where men are expected to be tough, to be the provider, to be assertive and to be strong. If women work outside the home, they have separate professions from men. Low MAS scores do not reverse the gender roles. In a low MAS society, the roles are simply blurred. You see women and men working together as across many professions. Men are allowed to be sensitive and women can work hard for professional success.Henry appointed anyone who has a talent in automobile without any consideration, whether male or female and appreciated in same manner. So the ford company is categories under low MAS. No outlet male or female, if company recognized your talent and admire and respect it that persons motivation level is high. That would help an organization to motivate their employees.Uncertainty/Avoidance index finger (UAI)This relates to the degree of anxiety society members feel when in uncertain or unknown situations. High UAI-scoring nations try to avoid ambiguous situations whenever possible. They are governed by rules and order and they seek a collective truth. Low UAI scores indicate the society enjoys novel events and values differences. There are very few rules and people are encouraged to discover their own truth.Entering and starting a business in automobile industry is not a tranquil thing. Person essential have a knowledge of the industry, product and the economy and talent of course. Henry was risk taker (one of his great leadership quality) which we has seen it from him, when was moved to aviation. His vision aimed the future and strategies were long term. Henry didnt take the decisions by looking at the present economy statues. So its a low UAI.Long Term Orientation (LTO)This refers to how much society values long-standing as opposed to short term traditions and values. This is the fifth dimension that Hofstede added in the 1990s after finding that Asian countries with a strong link to Confucian philosophy acted differently from western cultures. In countries with a high LTO score, delivering on social obligations and avoiding loss of face are consi dered very important.Henry ford, he is the overlord of ford motors he has the power to shut it down and treat the others in the company as he want. There was always a chance for creativity and innovation in the ford company. He didnt falter to do any changes according to the market and the economy. Because of those reasons according to the Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions its a low LTOCONCLUSIONIn 1999 November Business magazine of Fortune selected Henry Ford as Businessmen (business entrepreneur) of 20th atomic number 6 out of 4 nominative entrepreneurs. Alfred Sloan (General Motors) Thomas Watson (IBM), 20th century business leader Bill Gates and Sheryl James (James) and he got this award honour for transformation of the millions of life styles and for the revolution of automobile world creating a car which was the affordable for working middle class.As the heirs to Henry Fords extraordinary vision of progress because of that others job is to learn from the past and work toward the future. If that happens, perhaps people entrust be writing about their own generations manufacturing visionaries 100 years from now. He is great entrepreneur, charismatic personality, great leader, hard worker, risk taker and he had an unbeatable great qualities as an entrepreneur and it cannot be compare to another entrepreneur in world. Henry Ford had great ambition and he had a great self-reliance about himself and he truly believed his dreams come to true and he succeed.There was no way to escape the fact that Henry Ford was the great business impresario of his era or any era for that matter.-Douglas Brinkley, authors, Wheels for the world

Gender Bias in Nursing

sexuality Bias in NursingGender Fe anthropoid BiasGender prepossession is common in breast feeding. It is my own experience of facing gender bias in my own institution. When I was working as an Instructor in my institution, there was opportunity to for me to get promotion but was denied and it was given to a fe staminate colleague. As I was working there for last three years with an out standing mental process for all those years in my opinion and that of many others, it was my right to promoted to that post.But the head of my institute had promoted a fe masculine who had less(prenominal) experience and lower level of performance although she had same qualification. I was in shock and she did non give me any reason for that. As cited in Rasch, Sherrod, Sherrod (2006) the barriers confronted by men in treat school be pervasive, consistent and have modificationd surprising little during the past few decades ( pp 47).My view point is that, gender bias is occurring in nursing study as well as nursing practice. Gender bias in nursing is common in Pakistan. in that location ar no male on higher position in nursing in Pakistan. There are few institutions in Pakistan you can find male but they are not in high position in nursing. dissimilar literatures have shown that men experiences gender bias in nursing education and services, as according to BBC sassys only 10% of male are in nursing. It smasheds that it is difficult for male who wants to do nursing.Nursing all everyplace the world has perpetually been female dominated calling. As cited in Rasch (2005) a number of gender barriers for men in the nursing education process, mainly callable to feminization of this process and the profession (pp47). It should be acknowledged those females are in great numbers then male in nursing. But it does not mean that male should be suppressed in nursing and their rights should be violated.Moreover, another cause of gender bias is of social isolation and male ar e not acknowledged a vital part of nursing. This is supported by Rasch (2005) no history of men in nursing was presented in texts or the classroom and textbooks and dexterity referred to the nurse as she rather than she/he (pp-28). In history of nursing you pass on not find any history of male nurses who worked for nursing profession. These books always discuss about role of women in nursing and their work.Even other health care members are worried about their presence in nursing. When male joins nursing, they are facing problems like adjusting in a female dominated profession. They are worried as to whether they will be authorized in nursing and by other health care members. The doctors are besides having problem with them and they feel that, female nurses should take care of their patients.Because they are afraid of being challenged and they will show resistance at any mistake done by them. According to Morgan, McMillian, Ament (2006) the experience of male nurse as minority sort out seems to be that of encountering a inadequacy of social approval, acceptance and adequate role models beginning in nursing school. Perceptions of threats to sexuality, role strain, social isolation and different performance expectations reported by male nursing students indicate that little has changed within nursing profession (pp101). potent nurses are facing different problem in rough(prenominal) government and private settings among which are, disrespect of male nurses and discrimination therefore, given less or denied opportunities for growth and development in the profession. Here in Pakistan in some provinces male nurses are not hired and administrations give preferences to female nurses. As all the major posts are held by the male doctors in hospitals and they dont want any male nurses.Even female nurses are not accepting and recognizing the role of male in nursing. They show disrespect to them and not watch them as nurses. There are many stereotypes regarding m ale in nursing like they are not caring and so they cannot give care to the patients. Different studies have shown that even female nurses are not accepting male into nursing. These problems are within nursing especially where female nurses in leadership positions tries to mystify male nurses. As many male nurses have got more knowledge and having good communication skills.One might say that female nurse leaders feels threatened by presence of highly qualified male nurses in their institutions, as a result thus not accepting them readily. There is also reluctance in males who wants to join nursing as career. The social construction of nursing as female profession also inhibits males from entering to nursing profession. The male population in nursing is very low and they give preferences to other profession in medical field and nursing is their lost choice to do it.This affects nursing workforce at the hospitals and national levels, as many male nurses seek opportunities outside Pak istan. They go outside country because they earn more and they are respected outside. They get different opportunities they can achieve higher position in nursing. There are evidences that nursing footlingages in this country have occurred throughout the professions history. It is not only Pakistan shortage of nurses occurs throughout worldwide.As result of these males is leaving nursing very quickly. According to study done in USA young graduates of the nations nursing schools are leaving the profession more quickly than their predecessors, with male nurses bolting at almost twice the rate of their female counterparts, according to a new study.About 7.5 percent of new male nurses left the profession within four years of graduating from nursing school, compared to 4.1 percent of new female nurses, (University of Pennsylvania researcher, 2002) reported. This is direful sign for nursing profession as already there is nurses shortage in world. So it has further increase the shortage of nurses.On the other hand, lack of role modeling for male in nursing contributes to low numbers of males in nursing. As there are fewer male nurses in nursing profession and that the reason they are changing their profession aft(prenominal) some time. Because they see no professional growth for their and lack of opportunities.They are different literatures shows that male are more resigning from the profession than women. Another study by Wynaden, Champan, Inoue (2006) men are four times more likely than women to resign from nursing profession (pp566). Males are not satisfied from their job and they are leaving the jobs. There are few hospitals in which you can see diversity of both genders in nursing.The behaviors and attitudes of male nurses in nursing have produced a bad image of male nurses. There are numbers of males who joins nursing only to get pointedness and go outside the country. They are interested in patient care and image of nursing. Even others male who are doing nursing, they want to change their profession after finishing the nursing course. Some male have got fake degrees of nursing to go to any foreign countries for job. They are destroying the image of Pakistan as they are doing the treat practices.There are many incidents that occurred in last few years in U.K by male nurses as result the government of U.K has banned nurses of Pakistan to do job U.K. This is having bad consequences as there are many nurses who want to do further studies and work in U.K. But now they can, due to few members who have destroyed the image of nursing, hence causing others to suffer.So male nurses are also responsible and due to their behavior they are not accepted in nursing. Furthermore, it has been noted that male nurses have a tendencies of preferring teaching and administrative jobs only. This might be the reason why they change jobs after a short while in nursing.Kurt Lewin theorized a three-stage model of change that has come to be known as the unfre ezing-change-refreeze model. There are three steps involved in this model. As cited in Heidenthal (2003) unfreezing means, moving to new level and the current or old way of doing is thawed (pp329). We need to create awareness regarding gender biasness and how it is bear upon the nursing profession. We will remove negatives thinking about perceptions of males in nursing. It will difficult to change the behavior of quite a little regarding male nurses.We need to motivate the nursing leaders to bring the solutions to this problem and its recognition. The second stage of change model is process of changing behavior. As cited in Heidenthal (2003) in the next step disturbance or change is introduced and explained. The benefits and disadvantages are discussed, and the move to a new level is implemented (pp329).When need do implementation of strategies in this stage. When to need peruse people to support these changes. As it will be difficult because no role models are available for them . We will identify gap between this stage and the change we want to do it.The third stage is making changes permanent. We will need sustain with this change as cited in Heidenthal (2003 refreezing means that the new way of doing is integrated into the routines or habits of the affected people (pp329). It will difficulty sustains this change of gender bias in nursing but reinforcement will be infallible to change these attitudes.There are few steps could be done to solve gender bias in nursing. The hospitals needs to make sure that assembly diversity should be present in hospitals. Male and female nurses should be given equal chances of recruiting. Male should be respected and their role should be considered as vital.Government needs to make sure about recruiting of male in different government hospital. More opportunities should be given to them for their growth and development. To ensure the preservation of quality patient care hospitals needs to include recruitments of men int o nursing. Identify individual learning styles and needs during performance appraisals for both men and women. Provide educational programs that increase cultural sensitivity, decreasing stereotypes. (Rasch, Sherrod, Sherrod 2005).Male nurses should change their attitude which can change the perception of male in nursing. Awareness regarding nursing need to be done in school and colleges. Few male nurses who are sincere with their profession should be made role model to other male nurses. Male needs to be sensitized and ask them about their expectations. After graduation clinical practice should be given importances and necessary for the refreshful graduates.ReferencesB, Sherrod, D, Sherrod, R, Rasch. (2005).Men at Work. Nursing management. 36(10). 46-51.J, Mcmillian, S, A, Morgan, P, Ament. (2006). Acceptance of male registered nurses by female registered nurses. Journal of advance nursing. Blackwell. 1(38), 100-105.M, I, Mnurs, R, Chapman, D, Wynaden. (2006). Male nurses experi ences of providing intimate care of women clients. Journal of advance nursing. 5 (55), pp 559-567.Philadelphia. (2002). Is There a Male Nurse in the House? Men Quitting Nursing at Nearly Twice the Rate of Women. Retrieved, March 26, 2008 from http www.cbsnews.com/ mht.P, K, Heidenthal. (2003). Nursing Leadership Management. variegate the conflict resolutions. (pp 329-332). Thomson delimar Learning.

Understanding Inventory Management And Its Theories

Understanding blood line Management And Its TheoriesInventory management or neckcloth control is an try on to parallelism farm animal needs and requirements with the need to defame make ups resulting from obtaining and holding scrutinise. There are several schools of thought that view ancestry and its function differently. These will be address later nevertheless first we present a foundation to facilitate the readers understanding of fund and its function.Inventory DefinitionInventory is a sum of m oney or store of goods that is held for some purpose or use (the term may besides be used as a verb meaning to take register or to count all goods held in pedigree). Inventory may be unploughed in house meaning on the premises or close for immediate use or it may be held in a distant warehouse or scattering center for future use. With the exception of sozzleds utilizing only in clip methods more often than not the term inventory implies a stored quantity of goods tha t exceeds what is needed for the fast(a) to function at the current time (e.g., within the next few hours).Why we should wait inventoryWhy would a steadfastly hold more inventory than is currently necessary to pick up the firms operation? The following is a list of reasons for maintaining what would appear to be excess inventory.MEET DEMAND.In launch for a retailer to stay in seam it must(prenominal) fetch the products that the customer wants on hand when the customer wants them? If not the retailer will have to back gear up the product. If the customer tolerate amaze the good from some other source he or she may choose to do so rather than electing to allow the original retailer to stomach select later (through back regularize). Hence, in m some(prenominal) instances if a good is not in inventory a sale is lost forever.KEEP trading trading operations RUNNING.A manufacturer must have certain purchased dots ( huffy materials components or subassemblies) in cabaret t o manufacture its product. Running out of only one item faeces prevent a manufacturer from completing the production of its finished goods.Inventory between successive dependent operations also serves to decouple the dependency of the operations. A machine or diddle center is often dependent upon the previous operation to provide it with parts to work on. If work ceases at a work center thence all subsequent centers will shut down for lack of work. If a supply of work in process inventory is kept between to each one work center then each machine canister maintain its operations for a limited time hopefully until operations resume the original center.LEAD TIME.Lead time is the time that elapses between the placing of an arrange (either a purchase order or a production order issued to the shop or the factory floor) and actually receiving the goods ordered.If a supplier (an external firm or an internal department or plant) cannot supply the required goods on take in then the clie nt firm must keep an inventory of the needed goods. The longer the play time the larger the quantity of goods the firm must carry in inventory.A just in time (JIT) manufacturing firm such as Nissan in Smyrna Tennessee can maintain extremely low levels of inventory. Nissan takes pitching on truck seats as many as 18 times per day. However steel mills may have a lead time of up to three months. That means that a firm that uses steel produced at the mill must place orders at least three months in advance of their need. In order to keep their operations running in the meantime an on hand inventory of three months steel requirements would be necessary.HEDGE.Inventory can also be used as a hedge against footing increases and inflation. Salesmen routinely call purchasing agents shortly before a price increase goes into effect. This gives the buyer a chance to purchase material in excess of current need at a price that is lower than it would be if the buyer waited until after the price i ncrease clears.QUANTITY DISCOUNT.Often firms are given a price discount when purchasing large quantities of a good. This also frequently results in inventory in excess of what is currently needed to meet demand. However if the discount is sufficient to off identify the extra holding personify incurred as a result of the excess inventory the decision to buy the large quantity is justified.SMOOTHING REQUIREMENTS.Sometimes inventory is used to smooth demand requirements in a market where demand is somewhat erratic. Consider the demand forecast and production schedule outlined in Table 1.Notice how the use of inventory has allowed the firm to maintain a steady rate of output thus avoiding the constitute of hiring and training raw(a) personnel while building up inventory in anticipation of an increase in demand. In fact this is often called anticipation inventory. In essence the use of inventory has allowed the firm to move demand requirements to earlier periods thus smoothing the de mand.Controlling InventoryFirms that carry hundreds or even thousands of different part telephone numbers can be faced with the impossible toil of monitoring the inventory levels of each part number. In order to facilitate this many firms use an ABC approach. ABC analysis is based on Pareto compend also known as the 80/20 rule. The 80/20 comes from Paretos finding that 20 percent of the populace possessed 80 percent of the wealth. From an inventory perspective it can restated thusly approximately 20 percent of all inventory items represent 80 percent of inventory greets. hence a firm can control 80 percent of its inventory approachs by monitoring and controlling 20 percent of its inventory. But it has to be the correct 20 percent.The top 20 percent of the firms most costly items are termed An items (this should approximately represent 80 percent of total inventory costs). Items that are extremely tawdry or have low demand are termed C items with B items falling in between A a nd C items. The percentages may vary with each firm but B items usually represent about 30 percent of the total inventory items and 15 percent of the costs. C items generally mould 50 percent of all inventory items but only around 5 percent of the c By classifying each inventory item as an A B or C the firm can determine the alternatives (time effort and money) to dedicate to each item. Usually this means that the firm monitors A items really closely but can check on B and C items on a periodic basis (for example monthly for B items and quarterly for C items).Another control method related to the ABC concept is cycle counting. Cycle counting is used instead of the traditional once a year inventory count where firms shut down for a short period of time and physically count all inventory as organizes in an attempt to reconcile any possible discrepancies in their inventory records. When cycle counting is used the firm is continually taking a physical count but not of total inventor y.A firm may physically count a certain section of the plant or warehouse moving on to other sections upon completion until the entire facility is counted. Then the process starts all over again.The firm may also choose to count all the A items then the B items and finally the C items. Certainly the counting frequency will vary with the classification of each item. In other words an item may be counted monthly B items quarterly and C items yearly. In addition the required accuracy of inventory records may vary according to classification with A items requiring the most accurate record keeping.Balancing Inventory and CostAs stated earlier inventory management is an attempt to maintain an adequate to(predicate) supply of goods while minimizing inventory costs. We saw a variety of reasons companies hold inventory and these reasons dictate what is deemed to be an adequate supply of inventory. Now how do we balance this supply with its costs? First lets look at what kind of costs we ar e talking about.There are three types of costs that together bring to pass total inventory costs holding costs set up costs and purchasing costs.Holding Costs.Holding costs also called carrying costs are the costs that result from maintaining the inventory. Inventory in excess of current demand frequently means that its holder must provide a place for its terminal when not in use. This could range from a small storage area near the production line to a huge warehouse or distribution center. A storage facility requires personnel to move the inventory when needed and to keep track of what is stored and where it is stored. If the inventory is heavy or bulky forklifts may be necessary to move it around.Storage facilities also require heating cooling, lighting and water. The firm must pay taxes on the inventory and opportunity costs occur from the lost use of the funds that were spent on the inventory. Also obsolescence pilferage (theft) and shrinkage are problems. All of these things add cost to holding or carrying inventory.If the firm can determine the cost of holding one unit of inventory for one year (H) it can determine its annual holding cost by multiplying the cost of holding one unit by the average inventory held for a one year period. Average inventory can be computed by dividing the gist of goods that are ordered every time an order is determined (Q) by cardinal. Thus average inventory is verbalised asQ/2. Annual holding cost then can be expressed asH(Q/2).Set Up CostSet up costs are the costs incurred from getting a machine create from raw material to produce the desired good. In a manufacturing setting this would require the use of a skilled technician (a cost) who disassembles the tooling that is currently in use on the machine. The disassembled tooling is then interpreted to a tool fashion or tool shop for maintenance or possible repair ( other cost). The technician then takes the currently needed tooling from the tool room (where it has been maintained another cost) and brings it to the machine in question.There the technician has to assemble the tooling on the machine in the manner required for the good to be produced (this is known as a set up). Then the technician has to calibrate the machine and probably will run a number of parts that will have to be scrapped (a cost) in order to get the machine correctly calibrated and running. All the while the machine has been idle and not producing any parts (opportunity cost). As one can see there is considerable cost involved in set up.If the firm purchases the part or raw material then an order cost rather than a set up cost is incurred. Ordering costs include the purchasing agents salary and travel entertainment budget administrative and secretarial support office space copiers and office supplies forms and documents long distance telephone bills and computer systems and support. Also some firms include the cost of shipping the purchased goods in the order cost.If the firm can determine the cost of one set up (S) or one order it can determine its annual setup order cost by multiplying the cost of one set up by the number of set ups made or orders placed annually. Suppose a firm has an annual demand (D) of 1,000 units. If the firm orders 100 units (Q) every time it places and order the firm will obviously place 10 orders per year (D/Q). Hence, annual set up order cost can be expressed asS (D/Q).Purchasing CostPurchasing cost is simply the cost of the purchased item itself. If the firm purchases a part that goes into its finished product the firm can determine its annual purchasing cost by multiplying the cost of one purchased unit (P) by the number of finished products demanded in a year (D). Hence, purchasing cost is expressed asPD.Now total inventory cost can be expressed asTotal = Holding cost + Set-up/Order cost + Purchasing costorTotal =H(Q/2) +S(D/Q) +PDIf holding costs and set-up costs were plot as lines on a graph the prognosticate at which t hey intersect (that is the point at which they are equal) would indicate the lowest total inventory cost. Therefore if we want to minimize total inventory cost every time we place an order, we should order the quantity (Q) that corresponds to the point where the two values are equal. If we set the two costs equal and solve forQwe getH(Q/2) =S(D/Q)Q= 2DS/HThe quantity is known as the economic order quantity (EOQ). In order to minimize total inventory cost, the firm will order every time it places an order. For example, a firm with an annual demand of 12,000 units (at a purchase price of $25 each), annual holding cost of $10 per unit and an order cost of $150 per order (with orders placed once a month) could save $800 annually by utilizing the EOQ. First, we determine the total costs without using the EOQ methodQ= $10(1000/2) + $150(12,000/1000) + $25(12,000) = $306,800Then we calculate EOQ EOQ = 2(12,000)($150)/$10= 600And we calculate total costs at the EOQ of 600Q= $10(600/2) + $15 0(12,000/600) + $25(12,000) = $306,000lastly, we subtract the total cost ofQfromQto determine the savings$306,800 306,000 = $800Notice that if you remove purchasing cost from the equation the savings is still $800. We might assume this means that purchasing cost is not relevant to our order decision and can be eliminated from the equation. It must be noted that this is true only as long as no quantity discount exists. If a quantity discount is available the firm must determine whether the savings of the quantity discount are sufficient to offset the sacking of the savings resulting from the use of the EOQ.There are a number of assumptions that must be made with the use of the EOQ. These includeOnly one product is involved.deterministic demand (demand is known with certainty).Constant demand (demand is stable through-out the year).No quantity discounts.Constant costs (no price increases or inflation)While these assumptions would seem to make EOQ unconnected for use in a realistic situation it is relevant for items that have independent demand. This means that the demand for the item is not derived from the demand for something else usually a parent item for which the unit in question is a component. For example the demand for steering wheels would be derived from the demand for automobiles dependent demand but the demand for purses is not derived from anything else purses have independent demand.Other Lot Sizing TechniquesThere are a number of other lot sizing techniques available in addition to EOQ. These include the fixed order quantity fixed order interval model the single period model and part period balancing. icy Order Quantity ModelEOQ is an example of the fixed order quantity model since the same quantity is ordered every time an order is placed. A firm might also use a fixed order quantity when it is captive to packaging situations. If you were to walk into an office supply store and hold to buy 22 paper clips chances are you would walk out with 10 0 paper clips. You were captive to the packaging requirements of paper clips i.e. they come 100 to a boxful and you cannot purchase a partial box. It works the same way for other purchasing situations. A supplier may package their goods in certain quantities so that their customers must buy that quantity or a multiple of that quantity.FIXED ORDER INTERVAL MODEL.The fixed order interval model is used when orders have to be placed at fixed time intervals such as weekly biweekly or monthly. The lot size is dependent upon how much inventory is needed from the time of order until the next order must be placed order cycle. This system requires periodic checks of inventory levels and is used by many retail firms such as drug stores and small grocery stores.SINGLE-PERIOD MODEL.The single period model is used in ordering perishables such as victuals and flowers and items with a limited life such as newspapers. Unsold or unused goods are not typically carried over from one period to another and there may even be some disposal costs involved. This model tries to balance the cost of lost customer goodwill and opportunity cost that is incurred from not having enough inventory with the cost of having excess inventory left at the end of a period.PART-PERIOD BALANCING.Part period balancing attempts to select the number of periods covered by the inventory order that will make total carrying costs as close as possible to the set up order cost.When a proper lot size has been determined utilizing one of the above techniques the reorder point or point at which an order should be placed can be determined by the rate of demand and the lead time. If safety stock is necessary it would be added to the reorder point quantity.Reorder point =Expected demand during lead time + Safety stockThus an inventory item with a demand of 100 per month a two month lead time and a desired safety stock of two weeks would have reorder point of 250. In other words an order would be placed whenever the inventory level for that good reached 250 units.Reorder point =100/month - 2 months + 2 weeks safety stock = 250Other thoughts in Inventory ManagementThere are a number of techniques and philosophies that view inventory management from different perspectives.MRP AND MRP II.MRP and MRP II are computer based resource management systems designed for items that have dependent demand. MRP and MRP II look at order quantities period by period and as such allow discrete ordering only what is currently needed. In this way inventory levels can be kept at a very low level a necessity for a complex item with dependent demand.JUST-IN-TIME (JIT).Just in time (JIT) is a philosophy that advocates the lowest possible levels of inventory. JIT espouses that firms need only keep inventory in the right quantity at the right time with the right quality. The ideal lot size for JIT is one even though one hears the term zero inventory used.Theory of ConstraintsTheory of constraints (TOC) is a philosophy wh ich emphasizes that all management actions should center about the firms constraints. While it agrees with JIT that inventory should be at the lowest level possible in most instances it advocates that there be some buffer inventory around any capacity constraint e.g. the poky machine and before finished goods.Future of Inventory ManagementThe advent through altruism or legislation of environmental management has added a new dimension to inventory management reverse supply chain logistics. Environmental management has expanded the number of inventory types that firms have to coordinate. In addition to raw materials work in process finished goods and MRO goods firms now have to deal with post consumer items such as scrap returned goods reusable or recyclable containers and any number of items that require repair reuse recycling or secondary use in another product. Retailers have the same type problems dealing with inventory that has been returned due to defective material or manufact ure poor fit finish or color or outright I changed my mind responses from customers.Finally supply chain management has had a considerable impact on inventory management. Instead of managing ones inventory to maximize profit and minimize cost for the several(prenominal) firm todays firm has to make inventory decisions that benefit the entire supply chain.

Drowning :: essays research papers

Drowning is the second leading cause of injury deaths of infantsand children younger than 15 years old in the United States. I know many ofyou may have small children and relatives so this may be of some chase toyou. A personal experience happened to me when I was around seven yearsold. I still can remember it like yesterday. This incident almost constitute me my life,I was disobedient and it still has a big effect on me now. This little act of minecaused a lot of stress to many people, I was seven years old and at the time Iwas the only child. I stayed with my mother and my step-dad. We lived in thetrailer parks I was at the sitters house and she had two teenage sons.One was named Tim and the other Derrick, and I wanted to be like them. Itwas a hot summer day, and Tim and Derrick went swimming at the pool up atthe front of the trailer park. I asked the babysitter could I go she said, NOThis made me very upset because I couldnt go to the pool with her sons. Shetold me the reason why I couldnt go was because she was in charge of meand she wasnt going to be up there observance me. I wasnt really caring aboutwhat she was talking about. She went into the kitchen and was making mesome lunch while I was on the sofa. After lunch was relieve oneself I ate all my foodand told her that I was going outside to play with the dog. I went out to playwith Face she was a full cover up pit bull, but she liked me. After about an hourof being bored outside playing by myself, I began to think of a personal manner I couldsneak to the pool. I went inside the house without being seen and put on myswimming trunks. Running as fast as I could I left out the house and sprintedto the pool. I was so happy I was finally at the pool, so I walked around thepool once and took rancid my shoes and shirt. Not knowing I was at the deepend of the pool I ran and jumped into the pool. Straight to the bottom I went.All of a emergent in one blink my fun turned into a scare. It was the water an dme and I didnt know how to swim. So I was gasping for air all I could see